| Ancient Egypt, a civilization with very strong traditions of architecture and sculpture (both originally painted in bright colours) also had many mural painting in temples and buildings, and painted illustrations on papyrus manuscripts. Egyptian wall painting and decorative painting is often graphic, sometimes more symbolic than realistic. Egyptian painting depicts figures in bold outline and flat silhouette, in which symmetry is a constant characteristic. Egyptian painting has close connection with its written language - called Egyptian hieroglyph. Painted symbols are found amongst the first forms of written language. The Egyptians also painted on linen, remnants of which survive today. Ancient Egyptian paintings survived due to the extremely dry climate. The ancient Egyptians created paintings to make the afterlife of the deceased a pleasant place. The themes included journey through the after world or their protective deities introducing the deceased to the gods of the underworld. Some examples of such painting are paintings of the gods and goddesses Ra, Horus, Anubis, Nut, Osiris and Isis. Some tomb paintings show activities that the deceased were involved in when they were alive and wished to carry on doing for eternity. In the New Kingdom and later, the Book of the Dead was buried with the entombed person. It was considered important for an introduction to the after life. Sennedjem plows his fields with a pair of oxen, ca. 1200 to the north of Egypt was the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete. The wall paintings found in the palace of Knossos are similar to that of the Egyptians but much more free in style. Around 1100 B.C., tribes from the north of Greece conquered Greece and the Greek art took a new Direction ancient Greece had great painters, great sculptors (though both endeavours were regarded as mere manual labour at the time), and great architects. The Parthenon is an example of their architecture that has lasted to modern days. Greek marble sculpture is often described as the highest form of Classical art. Painting on pottery of Ancient Greece and ceramics gives a particularly informative glimpse into the way society in Ancient Greece functioned. Black-figure vase painting and Red-figure vase painting gives many surviving examples of what Greek painting was. Some famous Greek painters on wooden panels who are mentioned in texts are Alleles, Zeus and Parnassus, however no examples of Ancient Greek panel painting survive, only written descriptions by their contemporaries or later Romans. Zeus lived in 5-6 BC and was said to be the first to use SEATO. According to Pliny the Elder, the realism of his paintings was such that birds tried to eat the painted grapes. Alleles is described as the greatest painter of Antiquity for perfect technique in drawing, brilliant color and modeling. Roman art was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting. However, Roman painting does have important unique characteristics. The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in Campanile, in Southern Italy. Such painting can be grouped into 4 main or periods and may contain the first examples of tromped, pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape. Almost the only painted portraits surviving from the Ancient world are a large number of coffin-portraits of bust form found in the Late Antique cemetery of Al-datum. Although these were neither of the best period nor the highest quality, they are impressive in themselves, and give an idea of the quality that the finest ancient work must have had. A very small number of miniatures from Late Antique illustrated books also survive, and a rather larger number of copies of them from. |
| Amrita Sher-Gil was an Indian painter, sometimes known as India's Frida Kahlo, and today considered an important women painter of 20th century India, whose legacy stands at par with that of the Masters of Bengal Renaissance. she is also the 'most expensive' woman painter of India. Today, she is amongst Nine Masters, whose work was declared as art treasures by The Archaeological Survey of India, in 1976 and 1979 and over 100 of her paintings are now displayed at National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi.During the colonial era, Western influences started to make an impact on Indian art. Some artists developed a style that used Western ideas of composition, perspective and realism to illustrate Indian themes. Others, like Jamini Roy, consciously drew inspiration from folk art. By the time of Independence in 1947, several schools of art in India provided access to modern techniques and ideas. Galleries were established to showcase these artists. Modern Indian art typically shows the influence of Western styles, but is often inspired by Indian themes and images. Major artists are beginning to gain international recognition, initially among the Indian diaspora, but also among non-Indian audiences. The Progressive Artists' Group, established shortly after India became independent in 1947, was intended to establish new ways of expressing India in the post-colonial era. The founders were six eminent artists - K. H. Ara, S. K. Bakre, H. A. Gade, M.F. Husain, S.H. Raza and F. N. Souza, though the group was dissolved in 1956, it was profoundly influential in changing the idiom of Indian art. Almost all India's major artists in the 1950s were associated with the group. Some of those who are well-known today are Bal Chabda, V. S. Gaitonde, Ram Kumar, Tyeb Mehta, and Akbar Padamsee. Other famous painters like Jahar Dasgupta, Prokash Karmakar, John Wilkins, Narayanan Ramachandran, and Bijon Choudhuri enriched the art culture of India. They have become the icons of modern Indian art. Art historians like Prof. Rai Anand Krishna have also referred to those works of modern artistes that reflect Indian ethos. Geeta Vadhera has had acclaim in translating complex, Indian spiritual themes onto canvas like Sufi thought, the Upanishads and the Bhagwad Geeta. Indian Art got a boost with the economic liberalization of the country since early 1990s. Artists from various fields now started bringing in varied styles of work. Post liberalization Indian art works not only within the confines of academic traditions but also outside it. Artists have introduced new concepts which have hitherto not been seen in Indian art. Devajyoti Ray has introduced a the new genre of art called Pseudorealism. Pseudorealist Art is an original art style that has been developed entirely on the Indian soil. Pseudorealism takes into account the Indian concept of abstraction and uses it to transform regular scenes of Indian life into a fantastic images. In post-liberalization India, many artists have established themselves in the international art market like the abstract painter Natvar Bhavsar and sculptor Anish Kapoor whose mammoth postminimalist artworks have acquired attention for their sheer size. Many art houses and galleries have also opened in USA and Europe to showcase Indian artworks. |
| Although high level of stylization, mystical appeal, and surreal elegance were often preferred over realism (such as in San shut style), beginning with the medieval Song Dynasty there were many Chinese painters then and afterwards who depicted scenes of nature that were vividly real. Later Ming Dynasty artists would take after this Song Dynasty emphasis for intricate detail and realism on objects in nature, especially in depictions of animals (such as ducks, swans, sparrows, tigers, etc.) amongst patches of brightly-colored flowers and thickets of brush and wood (a good example would be the anonymous Ming Dynasty Painting Birds and Plum Blossoms [11], housed in the Freer Gallery of the Smiths onion Museum in Washington, D.C.). There were many renowned Ming Dynasty artists; Que Yin is an excellent example of a paramount Ming era painter (famous even in his own day), utilizing in his artwork domestic scenes, bustling palatial scenes, and nature scenes of river valleys and steeped mountains shrouded in mist and swirling clouds. During the Ming Dynasty there were also different and rivaling schools of art associated with painting, such as the We School and the She School classical Chinese painting continued on into the early modern Wing Dynasty, with highly realistic portrait painting like seen in the late Ming Dynasty of the early 17th century. The portraits of Bangui Emperor, Yongzheng Emperor, and Weanling Emperor are excellent examples of realistic Chinese portrait painting. During the Weanling reign period and the continuing 19th century, European Baroque styles of painting had noticeable influence on Chinese portrait paintings, especially with painted visual effects of lighting and shading. Likewise, East Asian paintings and other works of art (such as porcelain and lacquer ware) were highly prized in Europe since initial contact in the 16th century. Muromachi period, Singe, (1431 & 1485), Viewing a Waterfall, Next Museum, Tokyo Japanese painting is one of the oldest and most highly refined of the Japanese arts, encompassing a wide variety on genre and styles. As with the history of Japanese arts in general, the history Japanese painting is a long history of synthesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetics and adaptation of imported ideas. Unyoke, pictures of the floating world is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or woodcuts) and paintings produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries, featuring motifs of landscapes, the theatre and pleasure quarters. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan. Japanese print making especially from the EDP period exerted enormous influence on Western painting in France during the 19th Century indian painting historically revolved around the religious deities and kings. Indian art is a collective term for several different schools of art that existed in the Indian subcontinent. The paintings varied from large frescoes of Elora to the intricate Fugal miniature paintings to the metal embellished works from the Tagore school. The paintings from the Gandhar-Taxila are influenced by the Persian works in the west. The eastern style of painting was mostly developed around the Nolana school of art. The works are mostly inspired by various scenes from Indian Mythology the earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of prehistoric times, the petroglyph's as found in places like the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, and some of them are older than 5500 BC. Such works continued and after several millennial, in the 7th century, carved pillars of Shanta, Maharashtra state present a fine example of Indian paintings, and the colors, mostly various shades of red and orange, were derived from minerals. Bhimbetka rock painting junta Caves in Maharashtra, India are rock-cut cave monuments dating back to the 2nd century BC and containing paintings and sculpture considered to be masterpieces of both Buddhist religious art and universal pictorial art. A fresco from Cave 1 of Ajanta. Madhubani painting Madhubani painting is a style of Indian painting, practiced in the Mathilda region of Bear state, India. The origins of Maharani painting are shrouded in Antiquity mother Goddess A miniature painting of the Shari style, dating to the eighteenth century. Shari and Raj put miniatures share many common features. Rajput painting, a style of Indian painting, evolved and flourished, during the 18th century, in the royal courts of Rasputin, India. Each Raj put kingdom evolved a distinct style, but with certain common features. Raj put paintings depict a number of themes, events of epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Krishna's life, beautiful landscapes, and humans. Miniatures were the preferred medium of Raj put painting, but several manuscripts also contain Raj put paintings, and paintings were even done on the walls of palaces, inner chambers of the forts, have lies, particularly, the Havel's of Shekhawait. The colors extracted from certain minerals, plant sources, conch shells, and were even derived by processing precious stones, gold and silver were used. The preparation of desired colors was a lengthy process, sometimes taking weeks. Brushes used were very fine.[edit] Fugal painting fugal painting is a particular style of Indian painting, generally confined to illustrations on the book and done in miniatures, and which emerged, developed and took shape during the period of the Fugal Empire 16th -19th centuries). |
| Finding the right Painters Most of the time the best way to find a good contractor is to ask around. Word of mouth advertising from satisfied customers successful, and you can learn a lot about a painter from his past clients! Of course, customers also do not be shy to tell you to stay away, if you feel keep hearing horror stories of the same company fudge! It is the contractor to do quality work? Your definition of quality and your friend may vary. Ask if you can look at the finished painting. Check the cut in the areas of windows, doors and finishes. It was to apply the caulking? If all lines are straight? Proper preparation and attention to detail are important elements of a paint job good-looking and long lasting. Is the painting contractor to protect the coating or areas? The exterior paint, a good contractor to cover with concrete, roofs, fences and plants. Inside, furniture and floors should be well protected from errant splashes of paint. It is important to find a contractor you are communicating with and comfortable around. A courtesy are the hallmarks of professionalism and will save you unnecessary stress. Also a painter who is passionate about his work is more likely to do good work as that is burned, and just there for the paycheck. Start working (and end) of the time? Good contractors will let you know their schedule in advance, and do their best to stay with her. Find a painter who arrive in a reasonable time each morning. Remember that the exterior paint job may be affected by the weather with a storm of rain or bad unseasonably cold against the contractor! Is not this a warranty included? Not a guarantee of no value unless it is written and spread over a reasonable period of three years is acceptable. Any restriction or exclusion must be explicitly specified in the warranty policy. |
| Remove the pictures, clocks, and anything else you have hanging on your walls. You can leave the nails in place, if you are putting everything back in the same place. Otherwise, remove the nails and fill the holes with putty. Clean the surface. Light soils can be removed with mild soap and a damp cloth. Very dirty or greasy areas such as cooking, use trisodium phosphate to quickly remove dirt and debris. Remove switch plates, covers and light fixtures. Replace the screws, so it does not disappear. Mask the trim, windows, doors and furniture, which can not be removed. Blue painters tape to get the board clean and does not leave glue on the back. Room Preparation The color of the paint may just be the funniest part of your painting project, but is far from the only step (or even more important!). Prepare the surface of the painting often takes longer than the painting itself is, in fact, the preparation of interior paint can be as high as 80% of the project! Getting started: Preparing All rooms, many of the basic skills needed are the same regardless of the conditions for the room is a space should be as empty as possible, this saves a lot of cleaning at the end. Remove the furniture as possible. If some of the major problems remain, they move to the center of the room. Drop a drop of medium. Furniture, use a lightweight plastic, the floor, sheets butyl-backed are the best. Paint is a way to find their way into areas not covered, no matter how carefully you think. And better safe than sorry! Interior Paint Preparation for a room in good condition and previously painted easier to paint rooms are in good condition requiring only minor wall preparation for painting. Identify and protect unpainted surfaces is always a good place to start. This includes moving furniture away from walls to the center of the room. If possible, remove furniture from the room well. Obstacles least easier for the room is painted. Repairs may take a few nails are no longer needed to hang pictures and filling small holes with Spackle light. Minor cracks in the walls can be filled with Spackle same. Now is a good time to check the caulking around windows and where the trim and the wall, which includes all the base and the coating. If the trim is painted with a sealant or silicone re-caulk good acrylic sealant. |
| The insulation of windows and the trim and the walls If they are poor (or non-existent!) What should replace it with a good silicone caulk acrylic or Elasto-meric sealant. Repair cracks or dents small lightweight Spackle, let dry and sand smooth. Check for stains, if they can not be removed with a cleaning of light, the privileged area of the stain blocking primer like Kilz. If you're painting a light color on a darker, you might want to first the whole wall at this point. Previously Painted Rooms: the need for repair are not all paint jobs are simple and direct. Sometimes you find a room with peeling or flaking paint, damaged walls, or other sins to be addressed. Do not skimp here, surface imperfections will show through the paint and make it even less sustainable. In fact, there are good chances that arrived damaged, is trying now is the result of poor preparation. Repair and Prime the second part of the preparation of the paint inside it is time to examine all the walls and ceilings with paint problems such as defects of stains, holes, cracks, peeling, and more. Interior paint offers the ideal preparation for the paint to finish the background. Stains, water, rust or mildew stains are indicative of bigger problems, room cola, hydraulic problems, or poor ventilation. Its important that the cause of the stain treated, otherwise the problem persists and ruin your new paint job. Remove any mold or mildew, so the area inside the stain-killing primer. For stubborn stains, such as nicotine, smoke, a permanent marker or makeup, you may need two coats of primer to limit the damage to show through the new paint. Recommended primers from inside for more information. Peeling paint must be scraped or sanded before the project can continue. This is common in older homes, it is important that if your home was built before 1978, the practice of safe lead paint;. Patch holes in drywall imperfections can be sealed with putty, but for large openings, a plaster patch may be necessary. If the corners are cracked, apply a sealant can be painted to soften the area. Putty paint should be applied along the base and painting. First all repairs and every timber before painting. All repairs must be completed and launched before further application of paint. Boot repairing drywall or raw wood is necessary before painting. Whatever your situation, be sure to use high quality materials and do not be afraid to take your time with the prep work. After all, he does well will save you time and hassle in the long term and produce more impressive results! |
| Spots in small areas that need paint should be washed with mild soap and water or base in a first block of spots, if they can not be removed by washing. Now, interior painting can begin. Apply the same type of paint is on the surface or to choose a good manual that is compatible with interior paint finishes. New Construction / Facilities unfinished If your room has never been painted before, or has recently been re-textured, very little prep work is needed. Just start the ceiling and walls (make sure your card is compatible with the paint you use!) And let dry. Before finishing his special parts before installing them will save time at the end of the project. You can do while waiting for the primer to dry. Our article on interior paint should tell you everything you need to know to complete the project! Previously Painted Rooms: Well you are in good condition painted rooms are the easiest to deal with the next. In rooms that have one or more coats of paint, it is important to identify what type of paint was used in the original painting. Painters use a clean, white, and denatured alcohol. Apply alcohol on the cloth and gently rub the surface. If the paint is softened and then removed the end is an acrylic or latex. If no color on the cloth and the end is always assigned, so its an oil base. Acrylic latex paints can not be applied alkyd/oil- based finishes without first began. Alkyd / oil base, however, can be applied to acrylic latex finishes without additional preparation. |
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| The establishment of classical Chinese landscape painting is accredited largely to the Eastern Jin Dynasty artist Gu Kaizhi (344 - 406 AD), one of the most famous artists of Chinese history. Like the elongated scroll scenes of Kaizhi, Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 AD) Chinese artists like Wu Daozi painted vivid and highly detailed artwork on long horizontal handscrolls (which were very popular during the Tang), such as his Eighty Seven Celestial People. Painted artwork during the Tang period pertained the effects of an idealized landscape environment, with sparse amount of objects, persons, or activity, as well as monochromatic in nature (example: the murals of Price Yide's tomb in the Qianling Mausoleum). There were also figures such as early Tang-era painter Zhan Ziqian, who painted superb landscape painting that were well ahead of his day in portrayal of realism. However, landscape art did not reach greater level of maturity and realism in general until the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907 - 960 AD). During this time, there were exceptional landscape painters like Dong Yuan (refer to this article for an example of his artwork), and those who painted more vivid and realistic depictions of domestic scenes, like Gu Hongzhong and his Night Revels of Han Xizai. During the Chinese Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 AD), not only landscape art was improved upon, but portrait painting became more standardized and sophisticated than before (for example, refer to Emperor Huizong of Song), and reached its classical age maturity during the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 AD). During the late 13th century and first half of the 14th century, Chinese under the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty were not allowed to enter higher posts of government (reserved for Mongols or other ethnic groups from Central Asia), and the Imperial examination was ceased for the time being. Many Confucian-educated Chinese who now lacked profession turned to the arts of painting and theatre instead, as the Yuan period became one of the most vibrant and abundant eras for Chinese artwork. An example of such would be Qian Xuan (1305 AD), who was an official of the Song Dynasty, but out of patriotism, refused to serve the Yuan court and dedicated himself to painting. Examples of superb art from this period include the rich and detailed painted murals of the Yongle Palace, or Dachunyang Longevity Palace", of 1262 AD, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Within the palace, Painting cover an area of more than 1000 square meters, and hold mostly Daoist themes. It was during the Song Dynasty that painters would also gather in social clubs or meetings to discuss their art or others' artwork, the praising of which often led to persuasions to trade and sell precious works of art. However, there were also many harsh critics of others art as well, showing the difference in style and taste amongst different painters. In 1088 AD, the polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo once wrote of the artwork of one Li Cheng, who he criticized as follows: Then there was Li Cheng, who when he depicted pavilions and lodges amidst mountains, storeyed buildings, pagodas and the like, always used to paint the eaves as seen from below. His idea was that 'one should look upwards from underneath, just as a man standing on level ground and looking up at the eaves of a pagoda can see its rafters and its cantilever eave rafters'. This is all wrong. In general the proper way of painting a landscape is to see the small from the viewpoint of the large...just as one looks at artificial mountains in gardens (as one walks about). If one applies (Li's method) to the painting of real mountains, looking up at them from below, one can only see one profile at a time, and not the wealth of their multitudinous slopes and profiles, to say nothing of all that is going on in the valleys and canyons, and in the lanes and courtyards with their dwellings and houses. If we stand to the east of a mountain its western parts would be on the vanishing boundary of far-off distance, and vice-versa. Surely this could not be called a successful painting? Mr. Li did not understand the principle of 'seeing the small from the viewpoint of the large'. He was certainly marvelous at diminishing accurately heights and distances, but should one attach such importance to the angles and corners of buildings? |
| The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from per-historic humans, and spans all cultures, that represents a continuous, though disrupted, tradition from Antiquity. Across cultures, and spanning continents and millennial, the history of painting is an ongoing river of creativity, that continues into the 21st century. Until the early 20th century it relied primarily on representational, religious and classical motifs, after which time more purely abstract and conceptual approaches gained favor. Developments in Eastern painting historically parallel those in Western painting, in general, a few centuries earlier. African art, Islamic art, Indian art,Chinese art, and Japanese art each had significant influence on Western art, and, eventually, vice-versa. The oldest known paintings are at the Grotto Chaucer in France, claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth or humans often hunting. There are examples of cave painting all over the world in France, India, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia etc. Various conjectures have been made as to the meaning these paintings had to the people that made them. Prehistoric men may have painted animals to catch their soul or spirit in order to hunt them more easily or the paintings may represent an animistic vision and homage to surrounding nature, or they may be the result of a basic need of expression that is innate to human beings, or they could have been for the transmission of practical information. In Paleolithic times, the representation of humans in cave paintings was rare. Mostly, animals were painted, not only animals that were used as food but also animals that represented strength like the rhinoceros or large Filide, as in the Chaucer Cave. Signs like dots were sometimes drawn. Rare human representations include hand prints and half-human / animal figures. The Chaucer Cave in the Departments of France contains the most important preserved cave painting of the Paleolithic era, painted around 31,000 BC. The Almira cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BC and show, among others, bosons. The hall of bulls in Las aux, Forgone, France, is one of the best known cave paintings from about 15,000 to 10,000 coif there is meaning to the paintings, it remains unknown. The caves were not in an inhabited area, so they may have been used for seasonal rituals. The animals are accompanied by signs which suggest a possible magic use. Arrow-like symbols in Las aux are sometimes interpreted as calendar or almanac use. But the evidence remains inconclusive. The most important work of the Mesolithic era were the marching warriors, a rock painting at Single de la Molar, Caste in, Spain dated to about 7000 to 4000 BC. The technique used was probably spitting or blowing the pigments onto the rock. The paintings are quite naturalistic, though stylized. The figures are not three-dimensional, even though they overlap the earliest known Indian paintings were the rock paintings of prehistoric times, the petroglyph's as found in places like the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, and some of them are older than 5500 BC. Such works continued and after several millennial, in the 7th century, carved pillars of Shanta, Maharashtra state present a fine example of Indian paintings, and the colors, mostly various shades of red and orange, were derived from Mineralogist Asian painting china, Japan and Korea have a strong tradition in painting which is also highly attached to the art of calligraphy and printmaking (so much that it is commonly seen as painting). Far east traditional painting is characterized by water based techniques, less realism, elegant and stylized subjects, graphical approach to depiction, the importance of white space (or negative space) and a preference for landscape (instead of human figure) as a subject. Beyond ink and color on silk or paper scrolls, gold on lacquer was also a common medium in painted East Asian artwork. Although silk was a somewhat expensive medium to paint upon in the past, the invention of paper during the 1st century AD by the Han court eunuch CAI Lean provided not only a cheap and widespread medium for writing, but also a cheap and widespread medium for painting (making it more accessible to the public).The ideologies of Confucianism, Maoism, and Buddhism played important roles in East Asian art. Medieval Song Dynasty painters such as Lin Tongue and his Logan Laundering (housed in the Smiths onion Freer Gallery of Art) of the 12th century are excellent examples of Buddhist ideas fused into classical Chinese artwork. In the latter painting on silk (image and description provided in the link, bald-headed Buddhist Logan are depicted in a practical setting of washing clothes by a river. However, the painting itself is visually stunning, with the Logan portrayed in rich detail and bright, opaque colors in contrast to a hazy, brown, and bland wooded environment. Also, the tree tops are shrouded in swirling fog, providing the common negative space mentioned above in East Asian Art the earliest (surviving) examples of Chinese painted artwork date to the Warring States Period (481 - 221 BC), with paintings on silk or tomb murals on rock, brick, or stone. They were often in simplistic stylized format and in more-armless rudimentary geometric patterns. They often depicted mythological creatures, domestic scenes, labor scenes, or palatial scenes filled with officials at court. Artwork during this period and the subsequent Win Dynasty (221 - 207 BC) and Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) was made not as a means in and of itself or for higher personal expression. Rather artwork was created to symbolize and honor funerary rights, representations of mythological deities or spirits of ancestors, etc. Painting on silk of court officials and domestic scenes could be found during the Han Dynasty, along with scenes of men hunting on horseback or partaking in military parade. There was also painting on three dimensional works of art on figurines and statues, such as the original-painted colors covering the soldier and horse statues of the Terracotta Army. During the social and cultural climate of the ancient Eastern Jin Dynasty (316 - 420 AD) based at Nanjing in the south, painting became one of the official pastimes of Confucian-taught bureaucratic officials and aristocrats (along with music played by the guqin zither, writing fanciful calligraphy, and writing and reciting of poetry). Painting became a common form of artistic self-expression, and during this period painters at court or amongst elite social circuits were judged and ranked by their peers. |
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